Laminated metallic structures

ABSTRACT

A laminated metallic structure includes preformed metallic sheets of graduated three-dimensional sizes. The preformed metallic sheets have a three-dimensional shape and are nested together to form a preform. The preformed metallic sheets in the preform are bonded together to form a three-dimensional body, having a near-net three-dimensional shape.

PRIORITY

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 16/377,664 filed onApr. 8, 2019.

FIELD

The present disclosure is generally related to laminated structures and,more particularly, to laminated metallic structures formed of preformedmetallic sheets in a nested arrangement and methods of making the same.

BACKGROUND

Metallic laminates are made up of thin sheets of metallic material thatare bound together by an adhesive to produce a structure. A laminatedmetallic structure may be preferable over a monolithic metallicstructure because of improved characteristics with regard to strength,damage tolerance, and lower density. However, it can be difficult toform complex shapes from metallic laminates. For example, forming ametallic laminate into a complex shape can degrade the bond aroundlocations where bending occurs and can introduce undesirable internalstrain imbalances between layers. One technique to overcome theseproblems is to perform a series of steps that require curing theadhesive at a temperature that does not affect the metallic materialthen reheating the cured laminate to a temperature that allows bendingwithout affecting the adhesive. Such a process is complex, costly, andtime consuming. Accordingly, those skilled in the art continue withresearch and development efforts in the field of laminated metallicstructures and, as such, apparatuses and methods, intended to addressthe above-identified concerns, would find utility.

SUMMARY

The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples, which may or may notbe claimed, of the subject matter according to the present disclosure.

In an example, a disclosed method of forming a laminated metallicstructure includes steps of: (1) providing a first preformed metallicsheet having a three-dimensional shape of a first graduatedthree-dimensional size; (2) providing a second preformed metallic sheethaving the three-dimensional shape of a second graduatedthree-dimensional size; (3) nesting the second preformed metallic sheetin the first preformed metallic sheet; and (4) bonding the firstpreformed metallic sheet and the second preformed metallic sheettogether.

In an example, a disclosed method of forming an attachment fitting for astructure includes steps of: (1) providing a plurality of preformedmetallic sheets having a three-dimensional shape of graduatedthree-dimensional sizes; (2) nesting the plurality of preformed metallicsheets one inside another to form a preform; (3) bonding the preformtogether to form a three-dimensional body having a near netthree-dimensional shape; and (4) machining the three-dimensional body toform the attachment fitting having a final three-dimensional shape.

In an example, a disclosed laminated metallic structure includes aplurality of preformed metallic sheets of graduated three-dimensionalsizes having a three-dimensional shape nested together to form apreform, wherein the preform is bonded together to form athree-dimensional body having a near net three-dimensional shape.

Other examples of the disclosed plug gauge and method will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, the accompanyingdrawings and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an example of a manufacturingenvironment for making the disclosed laminated metallic structure;

FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of an example of a blank-metallicsheet of a first graduated 2D size;

FIG. 2B is a schematic illustration of an example of a preformedmetallic sheet of a first graduated 3D size formed from theblank-metallic sheet of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A is a schematic illustration of an example of a blank-metallicsheet of a second graduated 2D size;

FIG. 3B is schematic illustration of an example of a preformed metallicsheet of a second graduated 3D size formed from the blank-metallic sheetof FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of a preformformed of the first and second preformed metallic sheets of FIGS. 2 and3 ;

FIG. 5A is a schematic, perspective view of an example of a preformformed of three preformed metallic sheets;

FIG. 5B is a schematic, perspective view of an example of a portion ofthe preform of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6A is a schematic, perspective view of an example of the laminatedmetallic structure of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 6B is a schematic, perspective view of an example of a portion ofthe laminated metallic structure of FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7A is a schematic illustration of an example of a blank-metallicsheet;

FIG. 7B is a schematic illustration of an example a preformed metallicsheet formed from the blank-metallic sheet of FIG. 7A;

FIG. 8A is a schematic illustration of an example of a blank-metallicsheet;

FIG. 8B is a schematic illustration of an example of a preformedmetallic sheet formed from the blank-metallic sheet of FIG. 8A;

FIG. 9A is a schematic illustration of an example of a blank-metallicsheet;

FIG. 9B is a schematic illustration of an example of a preformedmetallic sheet formed from the blank-metallic sheet of FIG. 9A;

FIG. 10 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of the laminatedmetallic structure;

FIG. 11 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of the laminatedstructure;

FIG. 12 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of the laminatedmetallic structure;

FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of an example of two preformedmetallic sheets being nested together;

FIG. 14 is a schematic, elevation view of a portion of an example of thelaminated metallic structure formed of the preformed metallic sheets ofFIG. 13 ;

FIG. 15 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of a plurality ofpreforms;

FIG. 16 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of a 3D bodyformed of the plurality of preforms of FIG. 15 nested together;

FIG. 17 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of an attachmentfitting formed from the 3D body of FIG. 16 ;

FIG. 18 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of the laminatedmetallic structure;

FIG. 19 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of two preformedmetallic sheets used to form at least a portion of the laminatedmetallic structure of FIG. 18 ;

FIG. 20 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of two preformedmetallic sheets and a filler core;

FIG. 21 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of the laminatedmetallic structure formed of the preformed metallic sheets and fillercore of FIG. 20 ;

FIG. 22 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of the laminatedmetallic structure;

FIG. 23 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of the laminatedmetallic structure;

FIG. 24 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of a plurality ofpreforms;

FIG. 25 is a schematic, perspective view of an example of a 3D bodyformed of the plurality of preforms of FIG. 24 nested together;

FIG. 26 is a flow diagram of an example of a method of forming alaminated metallic structure;

FIG. 27 is a flow diagram of an example of a method of forming anattachment fitting;

FIG. 28 is a flow diagram of an aircraft manufacturing and servicemethodology; and

FIG. 29 is a block diagram of an aircraft.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings,which illustrate specific examples described by the present disclosure.Other examples having different structures and operations do not departfrom the scope of the present disclosure. Like reference numerals mayrefer to the same feature, element, or component in the differentdrawings.

Illustrative, non-exhaustive examples, which may be, but are notnecessarily, claimed, of the subject matter according the presentdisclosure are provided below. Reference herein to “example” means thatone or more feature, structure, element, component, characteristic,and/or operational step described in connection with the example isincluded in at least one embodiment and/or implementation of the subjectmatter according to the present disclosure. Thus, the phrases “anexample,” “another example,” “one or more examples,” and similarlanguage throughout the present disclosure may, but do not necessarily,refer to the same example. Further, the subject matter characterizingany one example may, but does not necessarily, include the subjectmatter characterizing any other example. Moreover, the subject mattercharacterizing any one example may be, but is not necessarily, combinedwith the subject matter characterizing any other example.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1-27 , by way of examples, the presentdisclosure describes laminated metallic structures and methods of makingthe same. More specifically, the present disclosure describes attachmentfittings for a structure formed from the laminated metallic structure.The disclosed laminated metallic structure provides numerous benefitsover a structure formed from a monolithic metallic material. Forexample, the laminated metallic structure may have improvedcharacteristics as compared to a structure having an equivalentthree-dimensional shape that is machined from a monolithic metallicmaterial. As an example, the laminated metallic structure may haveincreased strength compared to the monolithic metallic structure. Asanother example, the laminated metallic structure may have a lowerdensity and, thus, a lighter weight compared to the monolithic metallicstructure, which may be particularly beneficial in an aerospaceapplication. As another example, the laminated metallic structure mayhave improved damage tolerance compared to the monolithic metallicstructure. Specifically, the laminated metallic structure may haveincreased resistance to crack propagation compared to the monolithicmetallic structure because a crack must initiate through each layer ofthe laminated metallic structure. As another example, methods of makingthe laminated metallic structure may generate less material wastecompared to a subtractive machining operation used to make themonolithic metallic structure.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1-25 , examples of a laminated metallicstructure 100 are disclosed. The laminated metallic structure 100includes a plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 of graduatedthree-dimensional sizes 122 having a three-dimensional shape 106. Theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 is nested together to form apreform 136. The preform 136 is bonded together to form athree-dimensional body 104 having a near net three-dimensional shape138.

Throughout the present disclosure, an individual preformed metallicsheet of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 may beidentified generally as one (e.g., each one, an adjacent one, a firstone, a second one, etc.) of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets102 or simply as the preformed metallic sheet 102. Additionally,throughout the present disclosure, an individual preformed metallicsheet of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 may beidentified specifically as a first preformed metallic sheet 102A, asecond preformed metallic sheet 102B, a third preformed metallic sheet102C, etc. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “first,” “second,” etc.are used herein merely as labels, and are not intended to imposeordinal, positional, or hierarchical requirements on the items to whichthese terms refer. Moreover, reference to a “second” item does notrequire or preclude the existence of lower-numbered item (e.g., a“first” item) and/or a higher-numbered item (e.g., a “third” item).

As used herein, the term “graduated” has its ordinary meaning as knownto those skilled in the art and refers to items being characterized byor arranged in degrees, successively, as according to size. For example,a second graduated size is a degree smaller (or a degree large) than afirst graduated size, a third graduated size is a degree smaller (or adegree larger) than a second graduated size, etc. As used herein, theterm “size” has its ordinary meaning as known to those skilled in theart and refers to the spatial dimensions and/or proportions of an item.

As used herein, the terms “nested,” “nesting,” and similar terms havetheir ordinary meaning as known to those skilled in the art and refer tosimilar objects of graduated sizes being placed one inside the other.For example, a second item is nested in a first item when an outerperiphery face (e.g., an exterior or outwardly facing major surface) ofthe second item is nested with respect to an inner periphery face (e.g.,an interior or inwardly facing major surface) of the first item. Asillustrated in FIGS. 2-4 , in an example, the first preformed metallicsheet 102A includes a first outer periphery face 124A and a first innerperiphery face 126A that is opposite to the first outer periphery face124A. The second preformed metallic sheet 102B includes a second outerperiphery face 124B and a second inner periphery face 126B that isopposite to the second outer periphery face 124B. As used herein, theterm “periphery face” refers to a major surface of an item that is boundby a perimeter side, or edge, of the item. As illustrated in FIG. 4 ,the second preformed metallic sheet 102B is nested in the firstpreformed metallic sheet 102A when the second preformed metallic sheet102B is placed in an open region at least partially defined by the firstinner periphery face 126A of the first preformed metallic sheet 102A andthe second outer periphery face 124B is positioned in a face-to-facerelationship relative to first inner periphery face 126A.

Referring to FIG. 1 , in one or more examples, the three-dimensionalbody 104 is machined into a final three-dimensional shape 140. As anexample, the three-dimensional body 104, having the near netthree-dimensional shape 138, is machined to form the laminated metallicstructure 100 having the final three-dimensional shape 140.

As used herein, the term “near net shape,” in reference to a near netthree-dimensional shape, has its ordinary meaning as known to thoseskilled in the art and refers to the initial production of an item beingvery close to the final (net) shape of the item, thus, reducing the needfor finishing (e.g., machining or grinding) operations. As used herein,the term “final shape,” in reference to a final three-dimensional shape,has its ordinary meaning as known to those skilled in the art and refersto the finished, or net, shape of the item. In an example, asillustrated in FIGS. 5A, the three-dimensional body 104 formed by thebonded preform 136 (e.g., the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102bonded together) has the near net three-dimensional shape 138. Asillustrated in FIG. 5B, perimeter sides, or edges, of each one of theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 (identified individually inFIG. 5B as first preformed metallic sheet 102A, second preformedmetallic sheet 102B, and third preformed metallic sheet 102C) are closeto their final configuration or shape. As illustrated in FIG. 6A, thethree-dimensional body 104 may be machined to produce the laminatedmetallic structure 100 in its final production form (e.g., as anattachment fitting 112) having the final three-dimensional shape 140. Asillustrated in FIG. 6B, the perimeter sides, or edges, of each one ofthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 (identified individuallyin FIG. 6B as first preformed metallic sheet 102A, second preformedmetallic sheet 102B, and third preformed metallic sheet 102C) machinedto their final configuration or shape.

Referring to FIGS. 1, 6A, 10-12, 17, 18, 21, 22, and 25 , in an example,the laminated metallic structure 100 is an attachment fitting 112 of astructure 114 (FIGS. 17, 18, 21, and 25 ). In an example, the attachmentfitting 112 is used to connect a secondary structure 184 (FIGS. 17 and21 ), or other object, to the underlying, primary structure (i.e., thestructure 114).

In an example, the attachment fitting 112 is configured to fix thesecondary structure 184 relative to the primary structure 114. As anexample, the attachment fitting 112 is a two-sided corner fitting, asillustrated in FIGS. 6A and 21 . As another example, the attachmentfitting 112 is a three-sided corner fitting, as illustrated in FIGS. 10and 11 . As another example, the attachment fitting 112 is a four-sidedcorner fitting, as illustrated in FIG. 25 . As another example, theattachment fitting 112 is a five-sided corner fitting, as illustrated inFIG. 12 . As another example, the attachment fitting 112 is a contouredstrap fitting, as illustrated in FIG. 22 .

In an example, the attachment fitting 112 is configured to enablemovement of the secondary structure 184 relative to the primarystructure 114. As an example, the attachment fitting 112 is amulti-sided, moveable joint coupling, as illustrated in FIG. 17 . In anexample, the attachment fitting 112 is coupled to (e.g., rigidly fixedrelative to) the primary structure 114 and the secondary structure 184is coupled to and is moveable relative to the attachment fitting 112. Inthe example illustrated in FIG. 17 , the secondary structure 184 is atie rod or actuator rod that is coupled to and is pivotable relative tothe attachment fitting 112.

In an example, the primary structure 114 is an aircraft 1200 (FIG. 29 ).In another example, the primary structure 114 is an underlyingstructural component forming the aircraft 1200, such as an airframe 1202(FIG. 29 ).

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 23 , in another example, the laminated metallicstructure 100 is a stiffener 142, such as a stringer of the aircraft1200. As illustrated in FIG. 23 , in an example, the stiffener 142includes a first preform 136A that includes a first plurality of thepreformed metallic sheets 102, which is nested together. Each one of thefirst plurality of the preformed metallic sheets 102 includes three sideportions and two bends and the first preform 136A includes three sidesand two bends. The stiffener 142 also includes a second preform 136Bthat includes a second plurality of the preformed metallic sheets 102,which is nested together. Each one of the second plurality of thepreformed metallic sheets 102 includes three side portions and two bendsand the second preform 136B includes three sides and two bends. Thefirst preform 136A and the second preform 136B are positioned in aback-to-back relationship and are then bonded together to form thestiffener 142.

In another example, the laminated metallic structure 100 is a frame 144,such as a former of the aircraft 1200.

Referring generally to FIG. 1 and particularly to FIGS. 5A, 6A, 10-12,16, 18, 21-23 , and 25, in an example, each one of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 is bonded to an adjacent one of theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 to form the three-dimensionalbody 104. As used herein, the term “adjacent” has its ordinary meaningas known to those skilled in the art and refers to an adjoining ordirectly neighboring item.

Referring generally to FIG. 1 and particularly to FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B,and 14 , in an example, the laminated metallic structure 100 includes anadhesive 118. As best illustrated in FIGS. 5B and 6B, the adhesive 118is located between each adjacent pair of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102. The adhesive 118 is configured to adhesively bondeach one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 to anadjacent one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102. Forexample, the second preformed metallic sheet 102B is bonded to the firstpreformed metallic sheet 102A by the adhesive 118, the third preformedmetallic sheet 102C is bonded to the second preformed metallic sheet102B by the adhesive 118, etc. It should be appreciated that thethickness of each layer of the adhesive 118 shown in FIGS. 5B and 6B isexaggerated for the purpose of illustration.

In an example, the adhesive 118 includes, or takes the form of, at leastone of an epoxy resin, a thermoset resin, and a thermoplastic resin. Inanother example, the adhesive 118 includes, or takes the form of, anadhesive film. In other examples, any other suitable adhesive materialor bonding agent are also contemplated for use as the adhesive 118.

Referring to FIG. 1 , in an example, each one of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 includes a metallic material 116. In anexample, each one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102takes the form of a thin sheet of the metallic material 116 that isformed or otherwise shaped into the three-dimensional shape 106 and thatdefines a layer of the laminated metallic structure 100.

In an example, the metallic material 116 of each one of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 is the same. In another example, themetallic material 116 of at least one of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 is different than the metallic material 116 of atleast another one of plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102. Forexample, the first preformed metallic sheet 102A and the third preformedmetallic sheet 102C are each formed of a first composition of themetallic material 116. The second preformed metallic sheets 102B isformed of a second composition of the metallic material 116. The firstcomposition of the metallic material 116 and the second composition ofthe metallic material 116 are different.

In an example, the metallic material 116 includes titanium. In otherexamples, the metallic material 116 includes at least one of tin,stainless steel, steel alloys, magnesium alloys, brass, bronze,aluminum, copper, and alloys of the same. In other examples, themetallic material 116 includes any other suitable metal or metal alloy.

In one or more examples, the type of metallic material 116 making up oneor more of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 is selectedbased on a particular material property or characteristic that isimparted to the laminated metallic structure 100 (e.g., the attachmentfitting 112). As an example, the metallic material 116 of one or more ofthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 may be titanium forimproved strength and durability. As an example, the metallic material116 of one or more of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 maybe bronze for increased corrosion resistance. As an example, themetallic material 116 of one or more of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 may be copper for improved electrical conductivity.

In an example, the metallic material 116 making up the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 is an electrically conductive material.The adhesive 118 located between and bonding each adjacent pair of theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 is an electrically conductiveadhesive. In such an example, the laminated metallic structure 100(e.g., the attachment fitting 112) may be used in locations where it isbeneficial to enable current to pass, for example, between the primarystructure 114 and the secondary structure 184, such as during alightning strike or when components require grounding.

In an example, one or more of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets102 includes at least two different types of metallic material 116. Asan example, any one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 ismade of a first type of the metallic material 116 (e.g., titanium forstrength and durability). The preformed metallic sheet 102 has a section(e.g., a strip) of material removed (e.g., cut out). The removed sectionof the preformed metallic sheet 102 is replaced by a section of a secondtype of the metallic material 116 (e.g., copper or aluminum forconductive purposes), which is connected (e.g., welded) to the preformedmetallic sheet 102 such that the preformed metallic sheet 102 includesboth the first type of the metallic material 116 and the second type ofthe metallic material 116. This process can be performed on theblank-metallic sheet 128 prior to forming or on the preformed metallicsheet 102 after forming.

In an example, a thickness dimension of each one of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 is the same. In another example, thethickness dimension of at least one of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 is different than the thickness dimension of atleast another one of plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102. Asillustrated in FIGS. 5B and 6B, in an example, the first preformedmetallic sheet 102A and the third preformed metallic sheet 102C form, ordefine, outer face sheets of the laminated metallic structure 100 andeach has a first thickness. The second preformed metallic sheet 102Bforms, or defines, an interlayer or filler layer of the laminatedmetallic structure 100 and has a second thickness that is different thanthe first thickness.

In another example, a configuration of at least one of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 is different than the configuration of atleast another one of plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102. Forexample, the first preformed metallic sheet 102A and the third preformedmetallic sheet 102C (e.g., outer face sheets of the laminated metallicstructure 100) are each formed of a solid sheet of the metallic material116. The second preformed metallic sheet 102B (e.g., an interlayer orfiller layer of the laminated metallic structure 100) is formed of asheet of the metallic material 116 that includes a plurality of holes,recesses, cavities, or shallows for the purpose of decreasing the weightof the laminated metallic structure 100.

Referring generally to FIG. 1 and particularly to FIGS. 2A-3B and 7A-9B,in an example, each one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets102 is formed from a corresponding, or associated, one of a plurality ofblank-metallic sheets 128 of graduated two-dimensional sizes 132 havinga two-dimensional perimeter shape 120. Each one of the plurality ofblank-metallic sheets 128 having a two-dimensional perimeter shape 120is bent into a corresponding one of the plurality of preformed metallicsheets 102 having the three-dimensional shape 106.

Throughout the present disclosure, an individual blank-metallic sheet ofthe plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 may be identified generallyas one (e.g., each one, an adjacent one, a first one, a second one,etc.) of the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 or simply as theblank-metallic sheet 128. Additionally, throughout the presentdisclosure, an individual preformed metallic sheet of the plurality ofblank-metallic sheets 128 may be identified specifically as a firstblank-metallic sheet 128A, a second blank-metallic sheet 128B, etc.

Referring generally to FIG. 1 and particularly to FIGS. 2A-3B and 7A-9B,in an example, each one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets102 includes a plurality of side portions 160 and a bend 130 betweeneach continuous pair of the plurality of side portions 160. Referringgenerally to FIG. 1 and particularly to FIGS. 6A, and 10-12 , in anexample, the resulting laminated metallic structure 100 (e.g., theattachment fitting 112) includes a plurality of sides 162 formed by theplurality of side portions 160 of the plurality of preformed metallicsheets 102 in a nested arrangement. The resulting laminated metallicstructure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112) also includes a bend146 between each continuous pair of the plurality of sides 162 formed bybends 130 of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 in thenested arrangement.

Referring to FIGS. 2A-3B and 6A, in an example, the laminated metallicstructure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112) includes two sides 162that are approximately perpendicular to each other. As illustrated inFIGS. 2B and 3B, each one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets102 includes two side portions 160 (first side portion 160A and secondside portion 160B) and bend 130 between the first side portion 160A andthe second side portion 160B defining the three-dimensional shape 106.As illustrated in FIG. 6A, the laminated metallic structure 100 (e.g.,attachment fitting 112), formed of the plurality of preformed metallicsheets 102 depicted in FIGS. 2B and 3B, includes two sides 162 (firstside 162A and second side 162B) and bend 146 between the first side 162Aand the second side 162B defining the final three-dimensional shape 140.

Referring to FIGS. 7A-8B, 10, and 11 , in one or more examples, thelaminated metallic structure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112)includes three sides 162 and each side 162 is approximatelyperpendicular to an adjacent side 162. As illustrated in FIGS. 7B and8B, each one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 includesthree side portions 160 (first side portion 160A, second side portion160B, and third side portion 160C), a first bend 130A between the firstside portion 160A and the second side portion 160B, and a second bend130B between the second side portion 160B and the third side portion160C defining the three-dimensional shape 106. As illustrated in FIGS.10 and 11 , the laminated metallic structure 100 (e.g., attachmentfitting 112), formed of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102depicted in FIGS. 7B and 8B, respectively, includes three sides 162(first side 162A, second side 162B, and third side 162C), a first bend146A between the first side 162A and the second side 162B, and a secondbend 146B between second side 162B and the third side 162C defining thefinal three-dimensional shape 140. It should be appreciated that thedifferences between the three-dimensional shapes 106 of the preformedmetallic sheets 102 shown in FIGS. 7B and 8B and, thus, the differencesbetween the final three-dimensional shapes 140 of the laminated metallicstructures 100 shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 , depend on the predeterminedtwo-dimensional perimeter shapes 120 of the corresponding blank-metallicsheets 128 shown in FIGS. 7A and 8A, respectively, and the predeterminedforming operations.

Referring to FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 12 , in an example, the laminatedmetallic structure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112) includes fivesides 162 and each side 162 is approximately perpendicular to anadjacent side 162. As illustrated in FIG. 9B, each one of the pluralityof preformed metallic sheets 102 includes five side portions 160 (firstside portion 160A, second side portion (not visible in FIG. 9B), thirdside portion 160C, fourth side portion 160D, and fifth side portion160E), a first bend (not visible in FIG. 9B) between the first sideportion 160A and the second side portion, a second bend 130B between thesecond side portion and the third side portion 160C, a third bend (notvisible in FIG. 9B) between the second side portion and the fourth sideportion 160D, and a fourth bend 130D between the second side portion andthe fifth side portion 160E defining the three-dimensional shape 106. Asillustrated in FIG. 12 , the laminated metallic structure 100 (e.g.,attachment fitting 112), formed of the plurality of preformed metallicsheets 102 depicted in FIG. 9B, includes five sides 162 (first side162A, second side (not visible in FIG. 12 ), third side 162C, fourthside 162D, and fifth side 162E), a first bend (not visible in FIG. 12 )between the first side 162A and the second side, a second bend 146Bbetween the second side and the third side 162C, a third bend (notvisible in FIG. 12 ) between the second side and the fourth side 162D,and a fourth bend 146D between the second side and the fifth side 162Edefining the final three-dimensional shape 140. It should be appreciatedthat while one example of the two-dimensional perimeter shape 120 of theblank-metallic sheets 128 used to form the preformed metallic sheets 102is shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, other examples of the two-dimensionalperimeter shapes 120 of the blank-metallic sheets 128 are alsocontemplated that would utilize a different forming operation (e.g.,bending configuration).

In other examples, other three-dimensional shapes 106 of the preformedmetallic sheets 102 and, thus, other final three-dimensional shapes 140of the laminated metallic structure 100 (e.g., attachment fitting 112)are also contemplated. For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 24 and 25 ,in an example, the laminated metallic structure 100 (e.g., theattachment fitting 112) includes four sides 162 and each side 162 isapproximately perpendicular to an adjacent side 162.

Referring to FIGS. 8A-9B, 13, and 14 , in an example, each one of theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 includes a discontinuity 164located between discontinuous pairs of the plurality of side portions160. The discontinuity 164 is a physical break in continuity betweenadjacent edges 166 (e.g., perimeter sides) of discontinuous pairs of theplurality of side portions 160 of the preformed metallic sheet 102 onceformed into the three-dimensional shape 106. As an example, illustratedin FIG. 8B, the discontinuity 164 is formed between adjacent edges 166of the first side portion 160A and the third side portion 160C. Asanother example, illustrated in FIG. 9B, discontinuities 164 are formedbetween adjacent edges 166 of the first side portion 160A and the fourthside portion 160D, between adjacent edges 166 of the fourth side portion160D and the third side portion 160C, between adjacent edges 166 of thethird side portion 160C and the fifth side portion 160E, and betweenadjacent edges 166 of the fifth side portion 160E and the first sideportion 160A.

Referring to FIGS. 13 and 14 , in an example, the discontinuity 164 ofone of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 is located at anon-zero angle relative to the discontinuity 164 of another one of theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102. For example, when the secondpreformed metallic sheet 102B is nested in the first preformed metallicsheet 102A, the discontinuity 164 of the first preformed metallic sheet102A is located at approximately ninety degrees relative to thediscontinuity 164 of the second preformed metallic sheet 102B. In anexample, the relative location of the discontinuity 164 of any given oneof the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 is achieved byselecting a predetermined two-dimensional perimeter shape 120 of thecorresponding one of the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 and apredetermined forming operation (e.g., bending order) that is differentthan the two-dimensional perimeter shape 120 and forming operation ofanother one of the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 correspondingto an adjacent one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102. Inanother example, the relative location of the discontinuity 164 of anygiven one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 is achievedby rotating one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102relative to an adjacent one of the plurality of preformed metallicsheets 102.

In one or more other examples, the discontinuities 164 of two or more ofthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 are aligned with eachother.

Referring to FIGS. 8A-9B, 13, and 14 , in an example, at least one ofthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 includes a joint 168between adjacent edges 166 of at least one discontinuous pair of theplurality of side portions 160. The joint 168 physically joins the breakin continuity between adjacent edges 166 (e.g., perimeter sides) ofdiscontinuous pairs of the plurality of side portions 160 of thepreformed metallic sheet 102 once formed into the three-dimensionalshape 106. In other words, the joint 168 fills or otherwise closes thediscontinuity 164. As an example, illustrated in FIG. 8B, the joint 168is formed between adjacent edges 166 of the first side portion 160A andthe third side portion 160C, thereby replacing the discontinuity 164. Asanother example, illustrated in FIG. 9B, at least one joint 168 isformed between adjacent edges 166 of the first side portion 160A andfourth side portion 160D, between adjacent edges 166 of the fourth sideportion 160D and the third side portion 160C, between adjacent edges 166of the third side portion 160C and the fifth side portion 160E, andbetween adjacent edges 166 of the fifth side portion 160E and the firstside portion 160A, thereby replacing at least one of the discontinuities164.

In an example, the joint 168 of one of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 is located at a non-zero angle relative to the joint168 of another one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102. Inone or more other examples, the joints 168 of two or more of theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 are aligned with each other.

In one or more examples, one of the plurality of preformed metallicsheets 102 includes the joint 168 and an adjacent one of the pluralityof preformed metallic sheets 102 includes the discontinuity 164. In anexample, the joint 168 and the discontinuity 164 are aligned with eachother. In another example, the joint 168 of one of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 is located at a non-zero angle relativeand the discontinuity 164 of an adjacent one of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102.

Referring to FIGS. 11, 12, and 14 , in an example, the laminatedmetallic structure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112) includes acorner-opening 178 at a corner defined by three adjacent ones of theplurality of sides 162. In an example, the corner-opening 176 is formedin the three-dimensional body 104 by a machining operation (e.g.,drilling or milling) following the plurality of preformed metallicsheets 102 being nested and bonded together. In another example, asillustrated in FIGS. 8B, 9B, and 13 , each one of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 includes a corner-opening 176 at a cornerdefined by three adjacent ones of the plurality of side portions 160.Thus, the corner-opening 178 of the laminated metallic structure 100 isformed by corner-openings 176 (e.g., first corner-opening 176A, secondcorner-opening 176B, etc.) (FIG. 13 ) of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 in the nested arrangement (FIG. 14 ). In an example,as illustrated in FIGS. 8A-9B, the corner-opening 176 of each one of thepreformed metallic sheets 102 is defined by a portion of thetwo-dimensional perimeter shape 120 of a corresponding one of theblank-metallic sheets 128 and is formed during the forming (e.g.,bending) operation.

Referring to FIGS. 15-17 , in an example, the laminated metallicstructure 100 includes at least one second preform 174 (identifiedindividually as second preform 174A, second preform 174B, second preform174C in FIG. 15 ) nested in the preform 136. As illustrated in FIG. 15 ,the laminated metallic structure 100 includes a plurality of secondpreformed metallic sheets 170 of graduated three-dimensional sizes 122having a second three-dimensional shape 172. The plurality of secondpreformed metallic sheets 170 is nested together to form the secondpreform 174. The second preform 174 is nested inside the preform 136. Asillustrated in FIG. 16 , the preform 136 and the second preform 174 arebonded together to form the three-dimensional body 104 having thenear-net three-dimensional shape 138. As illustrated in FIG. 17 , in anexample, the laminated metallic structure 100 is machined into theattachment fitting 112 of the structure 114, the attachment fitting 112having the final three-dimensional shape 140.

As illustrated in FIG. 16 , in an example, the three-dimensional body104 of the laminated metallic structure 100 includes a first side 162A;a second side 162B approximately perpendicular to the first side 162A; athird side 162C approximately perpendicular to the second side 162B andapproximately parallel to the first side 162A; a fourth side 162Dextending between the first side 162A and the third side 162C andapproximately perpendicular to the first side 162A, the second side162B, and the third side 162C; and a fifth side 162E extending betweenthe first side 162A and the third side 162C and approximatelyperpendicular to the first side 162A, the second side 162B, and thethird side 162C and approximately parallel to the fourth side 162D.

As illustrated in FIG. 17 , in an example, the attachment fitting 112resulting from the machined three-dimensional body 104 (FIG. 16 )similarly includes the first side 162A, the second side 162B, the thirdside 162C, the fourth side 162D, and the fifth side 162E. In the exampleattachment fitting 112 illustrated in FIG. 17 , the fourth side 162D andthe fifth side 162E define parallel flanges between which the secondarystructure 184 is moveably coupled.

Referring to FIGS. 15 and 16 , in an example of the laminated metallicstructure 100 and, thus, the attachment fitting 112 (FIG. 17 ), at leasta portion of each side 162 is formed by the preform 136 and at least aportion of each side 162 is formed by the second preform 174. Forexample, at least portion of the first side 162A, the second side 162B,and the third side 162C is formed by the preform 136 that has threesides. At least a portion of the first side 162A, the second side 162B,the third side 162C, and the fourth side 162D is formed by secondpreform 174A. At least a portion of the first side 162A, the second side162B, the third side 162C, the fourth side 162D, and the fifth side 162Eis formed by second preform 174B. At least a portion of the first side162A, the second side 162B, the third side 162C, and the fifth side 162Eis formed by second preform 174C.

Referring to FIGS. 18 and 19 , in an example, the laminated metallicstructure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112) includes at least onefastener-opening 180. The fastener-opening 180 is a through hole formedthrough at least one of the plurality of sides 162 of the laminatedmetallic structure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112). In anexample, the fastener-opening 180 is formed in the three-dimensionalbody 104 by a machining operation (e.g., drilling or milling) followingthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 being nested and bondedtogether. In another example, as illustrated in FIG. 19 , each one ofthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 (e.g., the firstpreformed metallic sheet 102A, the second preformed metallic sheet 102B,etc.) includes a fastener-opening 182 formed through at least one of theplurality of side portions 160. Thus, the fastener-opening 180 of thelaminated metallic structure 100 is formed by fastener-openings 182 ofthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 in the nested arrangement(FIG. 18 ). Generally, the fastener-opening 180 of the laminatedmetallic structure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112) is configuredto receive a fastener (not shown) that enables the laminated metallicstructure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112) to be coupled to theprimary structure 114 or the secondary structure 184.

Referring to FIGS. 20 and 21 , in an example, the laminated metallicstructure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112) (FIG. 21 ) includes acore layer 186. The plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 and thecore layer 186 are nested together to form the preform 136. In otherwords, the core layer 186 is positioned between a pair of preformedmetallic sheets 102 (e.g., first preformed metallic sheet 102A andsecond preformed metallic sheet 102B). The plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 and the core layer 186 are bonded together to formthe three-dimensional body 104 having the near-net three-dimensionalshape 138. The core layer 186 has the same three-dimensional shape 106as the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 and a graduatedthree-dimensional size 122 between the pair of preformed metallic sheets102. The core layer 186 forms a filler layer between the pair ofpreformed metallic sheets 102. The core layer 186 is formed of amaterial that is different than the metallic material 116 of theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102. As examples, the core layer186 includes, or takes the form of, a foam material, a honeycombmaterial, or other suitable lightweight material.

Referring to FIGS. 20 and 21 , in an example, the laminated metallicstructure 100 (e.g., the attachment fitting 112) (FIG. 21 ) includes thefastener-opening 180 formed in at least one of the plurality of sides162 that is structurally reinforced to prevent damage to the core layer186 when installing the fastener (not shown). In an example, asillustrated in FIG. 20 , the first preformed metallic sheet 102Aincludes a protrusion 188 formed in at least one of the side portions160. A first fastener-opening 182A of the first preformed metallic sheet102A is formed through the protrusion 188. The core layer 186 includesan associated third fastener-opening 182C formed in at least one of theside portions 190 of the core layer 186. The third fastener-opening 182Cof the core layer 186 has a diameter approximately equal to a diameterof the protrusion 188 so that the protrusion 188 of the first preformedmetallic sheet 102A fits within the third fastener-opening 182C of thecore layer 186 when the core layer 186 is nested in the first preformedmetallic sheet 102A. The second preformed metallic sheet 102B includes asecond fastener-opening 182B formed through at least one of theplurality of side portions 160. The second fastener-opening 182B of thesecond preformed metallic sheet 102B has a diameter approximately equalto a diameter of the first fastener-opening 182A so that the firstfastener-opening 182A and the second fastener-opening 182B are coaxiallyaligned when the second preformed metallic sheet 102B is nested in thecore layer 186. The protrusion 188 provides a structurally reinforcedarea within the core layer 186 to react to fastening loads appliedduring installation of the fastener.

Referring to FIGS. 24 and 25 , in an example, the laminated metallicstructure 100 includes the primary structure 114 and the attachmentfitting 112. The primary structure 114 and the attachment fitting 112are integrated into a unitary body. In an example, the attachmentfitting 112 includes the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102having the three-dimensional shape 106. The plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 is nested together to form the preform 136. Theprimary structure 114 includes the plurality of second preformedmetallic sheets 170 having the second three-dimensional shape 172. Theplurality of second preformed metallic sheets 170 is nested together toform the second preform 174. The preform 136 is nested inside the secondpreform 174. As illustrated in FIG. 25 , the preform 136 and the secondpreform 174 are bonded (e.g., adhesively bonded) together to form thethree-dimensional body 104 having the near-net three-dimensional shape138. In an example, the three-dimensional body 104 may be machined, asneeded, into the laminated metallic structure 100 having the finalthree-dimensional shape 140.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1-25 and particularly to FIG. 26 , examplesof a method 1000 of forming the laminated metallic structure 100 aredisclosed. The laminated metallic structure 100 made according to themethod 1000 includes the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 ofgraduated three-dimensional sizes 122 having the three-dimensional shape106 nested together to form the preform 136. The preform 136 is bondedtogether to form the three-dimensional body 104 having the near-netthree-dimensional shape 138.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1 and 26 , in an example, according to themethod 1000, each one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102is formed (e.g., bent or otherwise shaped) into its respectivethree-dimensional shape 106 from a corresponding one of the plurality ofblank-metallic sheets 128. As illustrated in FIGS. 2,3, and 7-9 , eachone of the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 has thetwo-dimensional perimeter shape 120 of the graduated two-dimensionalsize 132.

Referring generally to FIGS. 2 and 3 and particularly to FIG. 26 , in anexample, the method 1000 includes a step of (block 1002) providing thefirst blank-metallic sheet 128A having the two-dimensional perimetershape 120 of the first graduated two-dimensional size 132A. The method1000 also includes a step of (block 1004) forming the firstblank-metallic sheet 128A into the first preformed metallic sheet 102Ahaving the three-dimensional shape 106. The method 1000 further includesa step of (block 1006) providing the second blank-metallic sheet 128Bhaving the two-dimensional perimeter shape 120 of a second graduatedtwo-dimensional size 132B. The method 1000 additionally includes a stepof (block 1008) forming the second blank-metallic sheet 128B into thesecond preformed metallic sheet 102B having the three-dimensional shape106.

As used herein, the term “providing” refers to readying or supplying anitem for use and does not necessarily require fabrication of the item.

Referring generally to FIG. 1 and particularly to FIG. 26 , in anexample, the method 1000 includes a step of forming the firstblank-metallic sheet 128A having the two-dimensional perimeter shape 120by at least one of stamping and cutting at least one flat sheet 134 of ametallic material 116. The method 1000 also includes a step of formingthe second blank-metallic sheet 128B having the two-dimensionalperimeter shape 120 by at least one of stamping and cutting the at leastone flat sheet 134 of the metallic material 116.

Referring to FIG. 1 , in an example, a manufacturing environment 156includes at least one two-dimensional-shaping apparatus 148 that isconfigured to form the first blank-metallic sheet 128A and the secondblank-metallic sheet 128B into the corresponding two-dimensionalperimeter shape 120. As examples, the two-dimensional-shaping apparatus148 includes at least one of a sheet metal stamping machine or a sheetmetal cutting machine.

Referring generally to FIG. 1 and particularly to FIG. 26 , in anexample, according to the method 1000, the step of (block 1004) formingthe first blank-metallic sheet 128A into the first preformed metallicsheet 102A having the three-dimensional shape 106 includes a step offorming at least one bend 130 (FIG. 2 ) in the first blank-metallicsheet 128A in at least one dimension by at least one of bending, rollforming, draw forming, and stretch forming. Similarly, the step of(block 1008) forming the second blank-metallic sheet 128B into thesecond preformed metallic sheet 102B having the three-dimensional shape106 includes a step of forming at least one bend 130 (FIG. 3 ) in thesecond blank-metallic sheet 128B in at least one dimension by at leastone of bending, roll forming, draw forming, and stretch forming.

Referring to FIG. 1 , in an example, the manufacturing environment 156includes at least one three-dimensional-shaping apparatus 150 that isconfigured to form the first blank-metallic sheet 128A into thethree-dimensional shape 106 corresponding to the first preformedmetallic sheet 102A and to form the second blank-metallic sheet 128Binto the three-dimensional shape 106 corresponding to the secondpreformed metallic sheet 102B. As examples, thethree-dimensional-shaping apparatus 150 includes at least one of a sheetmetal bending machine, a sheet metal roll-forming machine, a sheet metaldraw-forming machine, and a sheet metal stretch-forming machine. In anexample, the three-dimensional-shaping apparatus 150 includes a discretetool corresponding to each three-dimensional shape 106 and graduatedthree-dimensional size 122 used to individually form each one of theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102. In another example, thethree-dimensional-shaping apparatus 150 includes a single tool used toform all of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102.

Referring generally to FIGS. 2A-5B and particularly to FIG. 26 , in anexample, the method 1000 includes a step of (block 1010) providing thefirst preformed metallic sheet 102A having the three-dimensional shape106 of the first graduated three-dimensional size 122A. The method 1000also includes a step of (block 1012) providing the second preformedmetallic sheet 102B having the three-dimensional shape 106 of the secondgraduated three-dimensional size 122B. The method 1000 further includesa step of (block 1014) nesting the second preformed metallic sheet 102Bin the first preformed metallic sheet 102A. The method 1000 additionallyincludes a step of (block 1016) bonding the first preformed metallicsheet 102A and the second preformed metallic sheet 102B together.

Referring generally to FIGS. 2A-4 and particularly to FIG. 26 , in anexample, according to the method 1000, the step of (block 1016) bondingthe first preformed metallic sheet 102A and the second preformedmetallic sheet 102B together includes a step of (block 1018) applyingthe adhesive 118 (FIG. 4 ) to at least one of the first preformedmetallic sheet 102A and the second preformed metallic sheet 102B and astep of (block 1020) curing the adhesive 118 using at least one of heatand pressure.

In an example, according to the method 1000, the step of (block 1018) ofapplying the adhesive 118 is performed manually or automatically andincludes applying the adhesive 118 to at least one of the first innerperiphery face 126A (FIG. 2B) of the first preformed metallic sheet 102Aand the second outer periphery face 124B (FIG. 3B) of the secondpreformed metallic sheet 102B before the step of (block 1014) nestingthe second preformed metallic sheet 102B in the first preformed metallicsheet 102A. In another example, according to the method 1000, the stepof (block 1018) of applying the adhesive 118 includes placing (e.g.,laying up) a layer of the adhesive film between the first preformedmetallic sheet 102A and the second preformed metallic sheet 102B beforethe step of (block 1014) nesting the second preformed metallic sheet102B in the first preformed metallic sheet 102A.

Referring to FIG. 1 , in an example, the manufacturing environment 156includes at least one bonding apparatus 152 that is configured to applyat least one of heat and pressure to the preform 136 (e.g., formed bythe first preformed metallic sheet 102A and the second preformedmetallic sheet 102B in the nested arrangement). As examples, the bondingapparatus 152 includes at least one of an oven and an autoclave.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 5A, according to the method 1000, in one ormore examples, any number of additional preformed metallic sheets 102 ofgraduated three-dimensional sizes 122 having the three-dimensional shape106 are formed from additional blank-metallic sheets 128 and are nestedtogether and bonded to form the preform 136.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1, 5A, and 5B, in an example, the method1000 includes a step of (block 1022) providing the third preformedmetallic sheet 102C having the three-dimensional shape 106 of the thirdgraduated three-dimensional size. The method 1000 also includes a stepof (block 1024) nesting the third preformed metallic sheet 102C in thesecond preformed metallic sheet 102B to form the preform 136. The method1000 further includes a step of (block 1026) bonding the first preformedmetallic sheet 102A, the second preformed metallic sheet 102B, and thethird preformed metallic sheet 102C together to form thethree-dimensional body 104 having the near-net three-dimensional shape138.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1, 6A, and 6B and particularly to FIG. 26 ,in an example, the method 1000 includes a step of (block 1028) machiningthe three-dimensional body 104 to form the laminated metallic structure100 having the final three-dimensional shape 140.

Referring to FIG. 1 , in an example, the manufacturing environment 156includes at least one machining apparatus 154 that is configured toperform one or more finishing operations on the three-dimensional body104 to achieve the final three-dimensional shape 140. As examples, themachining apparatus 154 includes at least one of a drilling machine, amilling machine, and a grinding machine.

Referring generally to FIG. 1 and particularly to FIGS. 6A, 10-12, 17,18, 21-23 , and 25, in an example, according to the method 1000, thelaminated metallic structure 100 is one of the attachment fitting 112,the stiffener 142, or the frame 144 of the structure 114.

Referring generally to FIG. 1 and particularly to FIGS. 6A, 10-12, 17,18, 21-23 , and 25, in an example, according to the method 1000, thelaminated metallic structure 100 includes at least one bend 146 in atleast one dimension. In another example, according to the method 1000,the laminated metallic structure 100 includes a plurality of bends 146in at least one dimension.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1-25 and particularly to FIG. 27 , examplesof a method 2000 of forming the attachment fitting 112 for the structure114 are disclosed. The attachment fitting 112 made according to themethod 1000 includes the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 ofgraduated three-dimensional sizes 122 having the three-dimensional shape106 nested together to form the preform 136. The preform 136 is bondedtogether to form the three-dimensional body 104 having the near-netthree-dimensional shape 138. The three-dimensional body 104 is machinedinto the attachment fitting 112 having the final three-dimensional shape140

Referring generally to FIGS. 1-3B and 7A-9B and particularly to FIG. 27, in an example, the method 2000 includes a step of (block 2002)providing the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 having thetwo-dimensional perimeter shape 120 of graduated two-dimensional sizes132. The method 2000 also includes a step of (block 2004) forming theplurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 into the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 having the three-dimensional shape 106.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1 and 27 , in an example, the method 2000includes a step of forming each one of the plurality of blank-metallicsheets 128 into the two-dimensional perimeter shape 120 by at least oneof stamping, punching, and cutting at least one flat sheet 134 of ametallic material 116. In an example, the step of forming the pluralityof blank-metallic sheets 128 into the two-dimensional perimeter shape120 is performed using the two-dimensional-shaping apparatus 148 (FIG. 1).

Referring generally to FIGS. 1 and 27 , in an example, according to themethod 2000, the step of (block 2004) forming the plurality ofblank-metallic sheets 128 into the plurality of preformed metallicsheets 102 having the three-dimensional shape 106 includes a step offorming at least one bend 130 in each one of the plurality ofblank-metallic sheets 128 by at least one of bending, roll forming, drawforming, and stretch forming. In an example, the step of (block 2004)forming the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 into the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 having the three-dimensional shape 106 isperformed using the three-dimensional-shaping apparatus 150 (FIG. 1 ).

Referring generally to FIGS. 2A-3B and 5A-9B and particularly to FIG. 27, in an example, according to the method 2000, the step of (block 2004)forming the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 into the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 includes a step of (block 2006) bending atleast one of a plurality of portions 158 of each one of the plurality ofblank-metallic sheets 128 relative to at least another one of theplurality of portions 158 of each one of the plurality of blank-metallicsheets 128 and a step of (block 2008) forming a plurality of sideportions 160 and a bend 130 between each continuous pair of theplurality of side portions 160 of each one of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102. The plurality of side portions 160 of the pluralityof preformed metallic sheets 102 in the nested arrangement form theplurality of sides 162 of the attachment fitting 112. The bend 130 ofthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 in the nested arrangementforms the bend 146 of the attachment fitting 112 between each continuouspair of the plurality of sides 162.

As illustrated in FIGS. 2A-3B and 6A, in an example, according to themethod 2000, each one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102includes two side portions 160 (e.g., first side portion 160A and secondside portion 160B) (FIGS. 2B and 3B). The attachment fitting 112includes two sides 162 (e.g., first side 162A and second side 162B)(FIG. 6A).

As illustrated in FIGS. 7A-8B, 10, and 11 , in an example, according tothe method 2000, each one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets102 includes three side portions 160 (e.g., first side portion 160A,second side portion 160B, and third side portion 160C) (FIGS. 7B and8B). The attachment fitting 112 includes three sides 162 (e.g., firstside 162A, second side 162B, and third side 162C) (FIGS. 10 and 11 ).

As illustrated in FIG. 25 , in an example, according to the method 2000,each one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 includes fourside portions 160. The attachment fitting 112 includes four sides 162.

As illustrated in FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 12 , in an example, each one of theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 includes five side portions160 (e.g., first side portion 160A, second side portion (not visible inFIG. 9B), third side portion 160C, fourth side portion 160D, and fifthside portion 160E) (FIG. 9B). The attachment fitting 112 includes fivesides 162 (e.g., first side 162A, second side (not visible in FIG. 12 ),third side 162C, fourth side 162D, and fifth side 162E) (FIG. 12 ).

Referring generally to FIGS. 2A-12 , and particularly to FIG. 27 , in anexample, according to the method 2000, the step of (block 2004) formingthe plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 into the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 includes a step of bending a first portion158A of each one of the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 relativeto a second portion 158B of each one of the plurality of blank-metallicsheets 128 and a step of forming a corresponding one of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 that includes the first side portion 160A,the second side portion 160B, and the first bend 130A between the firstside portion 160A and the second side portion 160B. The first sideportions 160A of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 in thenested arrangement form the first side 162A of the attachment fitting112. The second side portions 160B of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 in the nested arrangement form the second side 162Bof the attachment fitting 112. The first bends 130A of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 in the nested arrangement form the firstbend 146A of the attachment fitting 112 between the first side 162A andthe second side 162B.

In an example, according to the method 2000, the step of (block 2004)forming the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 into the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 includes a step of bending a third portion158C of each one of the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 relativeto the second portion 158B of each one of the plurality ofblank-metallic sheets 128 and a step of forming a corresponding one ofthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 that includes the thirdside portion 160C and the second bend 130B between the second sideportion 160B and the third side portion 160C. The third side portions160C of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 in the nestedarrangement form the third side 162C of the attachment fitting 112. Thesecond bends 130B of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 inthe nested arrangement form the second bend 146B of the attachmentfitting 112 between the second side 162B and the third side 162C.

In an example, according to the method 2000, the step of (block 2004)forming the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 into the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 includes a step of bending a fourthportion 158D of each one of the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128relative to the second portion 158B of each one of the plurality ofblank-metallic sheets 128 and a step of forming a corresponding one ofthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 that includes the fourthside portion 160D and the third bend (not visible in FIG. 9B) betweenthe second side portion 160B and the fourth side portion 160D. Thefourth side portions 160D of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets102 in the nested arrangement form the fourth side 162D of theattachment fitting 112. The third bends of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 in the nested arrangement form the third bend (notvisible in FIG. 12 ) of the attachment fitting 112 between the secondside 162B and the fourth side 162D.

In an example, according to the method 2000, the step of (block 2004)forming the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 into the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 includes a step of bending a fifth portion158E of each one of the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 relativeto the second portion 158B of each one of the plurality ofblank-metallic sheets 128 and a step of forming a corresponding one ofthe plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 that includes the fifthside portion 160E and the fourth bend 130D between the second sideportion 160B and the fifth side portion 160E. The fifth side portions160E of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 in the nestedarrangement form the fifth side 162E of the attachment fitting 112. Thefourth bends 130D of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 inthe nested arrangement form the fourth bend 146D of the attachmentfitting 112 between the second side 162B and the fifth side 162E.

Referring generally to FIGS. 8A-9B and 11-14 and particularly to FIG. 27, in an example, according to the method 2000, the step of (block 2004)forming the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 into the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 includes a step of (block 2010) formingthe discontinuity 164 between discontinuous pairs of the plurality ofside portions 160 of each one of the plurality of preformed metallicsheets 102.

Referring generally to FIGS. 8A-9B and 11-14 and particularly to FIG. 27, in an example, according to the method 2000, the step of (block 2004)forming the plurality of blank-metallic sheets 128 into the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 includes a step of (block 2012) joiningadjacent edges 166 of at least one discontinuous pair of the pluralityof side portions 160 of at least one of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 to form the joint 168.

Referring generally to FIGS. 8A-9B and 11-14 and particularly to FIG. 27, in an example, the method 2000 includes a step of (block 2014) formingthe corner-opening 176 in each one of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102 at a corner defined by three adjacent ones of theplurality of side portions 160 of each one of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102. The corner-openings 176 of the plurality ofpreformed metallic sheets 102 in the nested arrangement form thecorner-opening 178 of the attachment fitting 112.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1, 5A, 6A, and 10-12 and particularly toFIG. 27 , in an example, the method 2000 includes a step of (block 2016)providing the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 having thethree-dimensional shape 106 of graduated three-dimensional sizes 122.The method 2000 also includes a step of (block 2018) nesting theplurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 one inside another to formthe preform 136.

Referring generally to FIGS. 13 and 14 and particularly to FIG. 27 , inan example, the method 2000 includes a step of (block 2020) locating thediscontinuity 164 of one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets102 at a non-zero angle relative to the discontinuity 164 of another oneof the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102.

Referring generally to FIGS. 13 and 14 and particularly to FIG. 27 , inan example, the method 2000 includes a step of (block 2022) locating thejoint 168 of one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 at anon-zero angle relative to the joint 168 of another one of the pluralityof preformed metallic sheets 102.

Referring generally to FIG. 1 and particularly to FIG. 27 , in anexample, the method 2000 further includes a step of (block 2024) bondingthe preform 136 together to form the three-dimensional body 104 havingthe near-net three-dimensional shape 138.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1 and 4-6B and particularly to FIG. 27 , inan example, the method 2000 includes a step of (block 2026) applying theadhesive 118 between each adjacent pair of the plurality of preformedmetallic sheets 102. The method 2000 also includes a step of (block2028) curing the adhesive 118 using at least one of heat and pressure.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1-3B and 7A-9B and particularly to FIG. 27, in an example, according to the method 2000, each one of the pluralityof preformed metallic sheets 102 includes at least one bend 130 in atleast one dimension. In another example, according to the method 2000,each one of the plurality of preformed metallic sheets 102 includes theplurality of bends 130 in at least one dimension.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1, 6A, 10-12, 17, 18, 21, 22, and 25 andparticularly to FIG. 27 , in an example, according to the method 2000,the attachment fitting 112 includes at least one bend 146 in at leastone dimension. In another example, according to the method 2000, theattachment fitting 112 includes the plurality of bends 146 in at leastone dimension.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1 and 15-17 and particularly to FIG. 27 ,in an example, the method 2000 includes a step of (block 2030) providinga plurality of second preformed metallic sheets 170 having the secondthree-dimensional shape 172 of graduated three-dimensional sizes 122.The method 2000 also includes a step of (block 2032) nesting theplurality of second preformed metallic sheets 170 one inside another toform the second preform 174 (FIG. 15 ). The method 2000 further includesa step of (block 2034) nesting the second preform 174 inside the preform136. The method 2000 additionally includes a step of (block 2036)bonding the preform 136 and the second preform 174 together to form thethree-dimensional body 104 having the near-net three-dimensional shape138 (FIG. 16 ).

Referring generally to FIGS. 16 and 17 and particularly to FIG. 27 , inan example, the method 2000 includes a step of (block 2038) machiningthe three-dimensional body 104 (FIG. 16 ) to form the attachment fitting112 having the final three-dimensional shape 140 (FIG. 17 ).

Examples of the laminated metallic structure 100 and the methods 1000and 2000 disclosed herein may find use in a variety of potentialapplications, particularly in the transportation industry, including forexample, aerospace applications. Referring now to FIGS. 28 and 29 ,examples of the laminated metallic structure 100 and the methods 1000and 2000 may be used in the context of an aircraft manufacturing andservice method 1100, as shown in the flow diagram of FIG. 28 and theaircraft 1200, as shown in FIG. 21 . Aircraft applications may includeforming at least one of the attachment fitting 112, the stiffener 142,and the frame 144 (FIG. 1 ) from the disclosed laminated metallicstructure 100.

FIG. 29 is an illustrative example of the aircraft 1200. The aircraft1200 includes an airframe 1202, a plurality of high-level systems 1204,and an interior 1206. Examples of the high-level systems 1204 includeone or more of a propulsion system 1208, an electrical system 1210, ahydraulic system 1212, and an environmental system 1214. In otherexamples, the aircraft 1200 may include any number of other types ofsystems.

The aircraft 1200 illustrated in FIG. 29 is an example of an aircrafthaving one or more structures or components formed from the laminatedmetallic structure 100 and/or using the methods 1000 and 2000 disclosedherein. In an example, the primary structure 114 is a component of theaircraft 1200 or is an element of a larger assembly of the aircraft1200. In an example, the primary structure 114 forms a part of theairframe 1202 of the aircraft 1200, such as a fuselage, a wing, avertical stabilizer, a horizontal stabilizer, another structure of theaircraft 1200, such as a stringer, a spar, a rib, a wing box, or a partof the interior 1206. In an example, the laminated metallic structure100 is used to form an attachment fitting 112 of the aircraft 1200. Inan example, the laminate metallic structure 100 is used to form theprimary structure 114.

As illustrated in FIG. 28 , during pre-production, the method 1100 mayinclude specification and design of aircraft 1200 (block 1102) andmaterial procurement (block 1104). During production of the aircraft1200, component and subassembly manufacturing (block 1106) and systemintegration (block 1108) of the aircraft 1200 may take place.Thereafter, the aircraft 1200 may go through certification and delivery(block 1110) to be placed in service (block 1112). Implementation of thelaminated metallic structure 100 and the methods 1000 and 2000 may forma portion of component and subassembly manufacturing (block 1106) and/orsystem integration (block 1108). Routine maintenance and service (block1114) may include modification, reconfiguration, refurbishment, etc. ofone or more systems of the aircraft 1200.

Each of the processes of the method 1100 illustrated in FIG. 28 may beperformed or carried out by a system integrator, a third party, and/oran operator (e.g., a customer). For the purposes of this description, asystem integrator may include, without limitation, any number ofaircraft manufacturers and major-system subcontractors; a third partymay include, without limitation, any number of vendors, subcontractors,and suppliers; and an operator may be an airline, leasing company,military entity, service organization, and so on.

Examples of the laminated metallic structure 100 and the methods 1000and 2000 shown or described herein may be employed during any one ormore of the stages of the manufacturing and service method 1100 shown inthe flow diagram illustrated by FIG. 28 . For example, components orsubassemblies, such as those that include structures or attachmentfittings made of the laminated metallic structure 100, corresponding tocomponent and subassembly manufacturing (block 1106) may be fabricatedor manufactured in a manner similar to components or subassembliesproduced while the aircraft 1200 (FIG. 29 ) is in service (block 1112).Also, one or more examples of the laminated metallic structure 100 andthe methods 1000 and 2000 described herein may be utilized duringproduction (block 1108 and block 1010). Similarly, one or more examplesof the laminated metallic structure 100 and the methods 1000 and 2000described herein may be utilized, for example and without limitation,while the aircraft 1200 is in service (block 1112) and duringmaintenance and service (block 1114).

Although an aerospace example is shown, the examples and principlesdisclosed herein may be applied to other industries, such as theautomotive industry, the space industry, the construction industry, andother design and manufacturing industries. Accordingly, in addition toaircraft, the examples and principles disclosed herein may apply toother vehicle structures (e.g., land vehicles, marine vehicles, spacevehicles, etc.) and stand-alone structures.

As used herein, a system, apparatus, device, structure, article,element, component, or hardware “configured to” perform a specifiedfunction is indeed capable of performing the specified function withoutany alteration, rather than merely having potential to perform thespecified function after further modification. In other words, thesystem, apparatus, device, structure, article, element, component, orhardware “configured to” perform a specified function is specificallyselected, created, implemented, utilized, programmed, and/or designedfor the purpose of performing the specified function. As used herein,“configured to” denotes existing characteristics of a system, apparatus,structure, article, element, component, or hardware that enable thesystem, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardwareto perform the specified function without further modification. Forpurposes of this disclosure, a system, apparatus, device, structure,article, element, component, or hardware described as being “configuredto” perform a particular function may additionally or alternatively bedescribed as being “adapted to” and/or as being “operative to” performthat function.

For the purpose of this disclosure, the terms “coupled,” “coupling,” andsimilar terms refer to two or more elements that are joined, linked,fastened, attached, connected, put in communication, or otherwiseassociated (e.g., mechanically, electrically, fluidly, optically,electromagnetically) with one another. In various examples, the elementsmay be associated directly or indirectly. As an example, element A maybe directly associated with element B. As another example, element A maybe indirectly associated with element B, for example, via anotherelement C. It will be understood that not all associations among thevarious disclosed elements are necessarily represented. Accordingly,couplings other than those depicted in the figures may also exist.

As used herein, the phrase “at least one of”, when used with a list ofitems, means different combinations of one or more of the listed itemsmay be used and only one of each item in the list may be needed. Forexample, “at least one of item A, item B, and item C” may include,without limitation, item A or item A and item B. This example also mayinclude item A, item B, and item C, or item B and item C. In otherexamples, “at least one of” may be, for example, without limitation, twoof item A, one of item B, and ten of item C; four of item B and seven ofitem C; and other suitable combinations.

As used herein, the terms “approximately,” “about,” and “generally”refer to or represent a condition that is close to, but not exactly, thestated condition that still performs the desired function or achievesthe desired result. As an example, the terms “approximately,” “about,”and “generally” refer to a condition that is within an acceptablepredetermined tolerance or accuracy. For example, the terms“approximately,” “about,” and “generally” refer to a condition that iswithin 10% of the stated condition. However, the terms “approximately,”“about,” and “generally” do not exclude a condition that is exactly thestated condition.

In FIGS. 1 and 29 , referred to above, the blocks may representfunctional elements, features, or components thereof and linesconnecting the various blocks do not imply any particular structure.Accordingly, modifications, additions and/or omissions may be made tothe illustrated structure. Additionally, those skilled in the art willappreciate that not all elements described and illustrated in FIGS. 1-25, referred to above, need be included in every example and not allelements described herein are necessarily depicted in each illustrativeexample. Unless otherwise explicitly stated, the schematic illustrationsof examples depicted in FIGS. 1-25 , referred to above, are not meant toimply structural limitations with respect to the illustrative example.Rather, although one illustrative structure is indicated, it is to beunderstood that the structure may be modified when appropriate.

In FIGS. 26-28 , referred to above, the blocks may represent operations,steps, and/or portions thereof and lines connecting the various blocksdo not imply any particular order or dependency of the operations orportions thereof. It will be understood that not all dependencies amongthe various disclosed operations are necessarily represented. FIGS.26-28 and the accompanying disclosure describing the operations of thedisclosed methods set forth herein should not be interpreted asnecessarily determining a sequence in which the operations are to beperformed. Rather, although one illustrative order is indicated, it isto be understood that the sequence of the operations may be modifiedwhen appropriate. Accordingly, modifications, additions and/or omissionsmay be made to the operations illustrated and certain operations may beperformed in a different order or simultaneously. Additionally, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that not all operations describedneed be performed.

Further, references throughout the present specification to features,advantages, or similar language used herein do not imply that all of thefeatures and advantages that may be realized with the examples disclosedherein should be, or are in, any single example. Rather, languagereferring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that aspecific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connectionwith an example is included in at least one example. Thus, discussion offeatures, advantages, and similar language used throughout the presentdisclosure may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same example.

The described features, advantages, and characteristics of one examplemay be combined in any suitable manner in one or more other examples.One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the examplesdescribed herein may be practiced without one or more of the specificfeatures or advantages of a particular example. In other instances,additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain examplesthat may not be present in all examples. Furthermore, although variousexamples of the laminated metallic structure 100 and the methods 1000and 2000 have been shown and described, modifications may occur to thoseskilled in the art upon reading the specification. The presentapplication includes such modifications and is limited only by the scopeof the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A laminated metallic structure, comprising:preformed metallic components that are nested one inside another andbonded together to form a preform, wherein: the preformed metalliccomponents have three-dimensional shapes of graduated sizes; each one ofthe preformed metallic components comprises: a first side portion; asecond side portion extending from and continuous with the first sideportion; a third side portion extending from and continuous with thesecond side portion; and a corner opening located at a corner shared bythe first side portion, the second side portion, and the third sideportion; at least a portion of the second side portion is substantiallyperpendicular to at least a portion of the first side portion; and atleast a portion of the third side portion is substantially perpendicularto at least a portion of the second side portion and to at least aportion of the first side portion.
 2. The laminated metallic structureof claim 1, wherein each one of the preformed metallic components isadhesively bonded to an adjacent one of the preformed metalliccomponents to form a three-dimensional body.
 3. The laminated metallicstructure of claim 1, wherein each one of the preformed metalliccomponents is formed from a corresponding one of blank-metallic sheetshaving a two-dimensional perimeter shapes of graduated two-dimensionalsizes that are bent into the three-dimensional shapes.
 4. The laminatedmetallic structure of claim 1, wherein: the preform has a near-netthree-dimensional shape; and the preform is machined into a finalthree-dimensional shape that is different than the near-netthree-dimensional shape.
 5. The laminated metallic structure of claim 1,wherein the laminated metallic structure is an attachment fitting of astructure.
 6. The laminate metallic structure of claim 1, wherein eachone of the preformed metallic components further comprises adiscontinuity between discontinuous pairs of the first side portion, thesecond side portion, and the third side portion.
 7. The laminatemetallic structure of claim 1, wherein each one of the preformedmetallic components further comprises a joint between adjacent edges ofat least one discontinuous pair of the first side portion, the secondside portion, and the third side portion.
 8. The laminate metallicstructure of claim 1, wherein each one of the preformed metallic sheetsfurther comprises a discontinuity between discontinuous pairs of thefirst side portion, the second side portion, and the third side portionand a joint between adjacent edges of at least one discontinuous pair ofthe first side portion, the second side portions and the third sideportion.
 9. The laminated metallic structure of claim 1, furthercomprising second preformed metallic components having secondthree-dimensional shapes of second graduated sizes, wherein the secondpreformed metallic components are nested one inside another and bondedtogether to form a second preform.
 10. The laminated metallic structureof claim 9, wherein: the second preform is nested inside the preform;the preform and the second preform are bonded together to form athree-dimensional body having a near-net three-dimensional shape; thethree-dimensional body is machined into an attachment fitting of astructure; and the attachment fitting has a final three-dimensionalshape that is different than the near-net three-dimensional shape. 11.The laminated metallic structure of claim 1, wherein the preformedmetallic components are nested so that the corner opening of each one ofthe preformed metallic components is substantially aligned with thecorner opening of an adjacent one of the preformed metallic components.12. The laminated metallic structure of claim 1, wherein: each one ofthe preformed metallic components further comprises: a fourth sideportion extending from and continuous with the second side portion; anda second-corner opening located at a second corner that is shared by thefirst side portion, the second side portion, and the fourth sideportion; and at least a portion of the fourth side portion issubstantially perpendicular to at least a portion of the second sideportion and to at least a portion of the first side portion.
 13. Thelaminated metallic structure of claim 12, wherein the preformed metalliccomponents are nested so that the second-corner opening of at least oneof the preformed metallic components is substantially aligned with thesecond-corner opening of an adjacent one of the preformed metalliccomponents.
 14. The laminated metallic structure of claim 1, furthercomprising an adhesive disposed between each one of the preformedmetallic components and an adjacent one of the preformed metalliccomponents.
 15. A laminated metallic structure, comprising preformedmetallic components that are nested one inside another and bondedtogether to form a preform, wherein: the preformed metallic componentshave three-dimensional shapes of graduated sizes; each one of thepreformed metallic components comprises: a first side portion; a secondside portion extending from and continuous with the first side portion;and a third side portion extending from and continuous with the secondside portion; at least a portion of the second side portion issubstantially perpendicular to at least a portion of the first sideportion; at least a portion of the third side portion is substantiallyperpendicular to at least a portion of the second side portion and to atleast a portion of the first side portion; and the third side portion isdiscontinuous with the first side portion, adjacent edges of the firstside portion and the third side portion are parallel to each other; andthe preformed metallic components are nested so that the adjacent edgesof the first side portion and the third side portion of at least one ofthe preformed metallic components are substantially perpendicular to theadjacent edges of the first side portion and the third side portion ofat least another one of the preformed metallic components.
 16. Thelaminated metallic structure of claim 15, wherein each one of thepreformed metallic components further comprises a corner opening locatedat a corner shared by the first side portion, the second side portion,and the third side portion.
 17. The laminated metallic structure ofclaim 15, wherein: each one of the metallic preformed components furthercomprises a fourth side portion extending from and continuous with thesecond side portion; at least a portion of the fourth side portion issubstantially perpendicular to at least a portion of the second sideportion and to at least a portion of the first side portion; the fourthside portion is discontinuous with the first side portion; adjacentedges of the first side portion and the fourth side portion are parallelto each other; and the preformed metallic components are nested so thatthe adjacent edges of the first side portion and the fourth side portionof at least one of the preformed metallic components are substantiallyperpendicular to the adjacent edges of the first side portion and thefourth side portion of at least another one of the preformed metalliccomponents.
 18. A laminated metallic structure, comprising preformedmetallic components that are nested one inside another and bondedtogether to form a preform, wherein: the preformed metallic componentshave three-dimensional shapes of graduated sizes; each one of thepreformed metallic components comprises: a first side portion; a secondside portion extending from and continuous with the first side portion;a third side portion extending from and continuous with the second sideportion; and a joint between adjacent edges of the first side portionand the third side portion; at least a portion of the second sideportion is substantially perpendicular to at least a portion of thefirst side portion; at least a portion of the third side portion issubstantially perpendicular to at least a portion of the second sideportion and to at least a portion of the first side portion; the thirdside portion is discontinuous with the first side portion; the adjacentedges of the first side portion and the third side portion are parallelto each other; and the preformed metallic components are nested so thatthe joint between the adjacent edges of the first side portion and thethird side portion of at least one of the preformed metallic componentsis substantially perpendicular to the joint between the adjacent edgesof the first side portion and the third side portion of at least anotherone of the preformed metallic components.
 19. The laminated metallicstructure of claim 18, wherein each one of the preformed metalliccomponents further comprises a corner opening located at a corner sharedby the first side portion, the second side portion, and the third sideportion.
 20. The laminated metallic structure of claim 18, wherein: eachone of the metallic preformed components further comprises: a fourthside portion extending from and continuous with the second side portion;and a second joint between adjacent edges of the first side portion andthe fourth side portion; at least a portion of the fourth side portionis substantially perpendicular to at least a portion of the second sideportion and to at least a portion of the first side portion; the fourthside portion is discontinuous with the first side portion; and theadjacent edges of the first side portion and the fourth side portion areparallel to each other; and the preformed metallic components are nestedso that the second joint between the adjacent edges of the first sideportion and the fourth side portion of at least one of the preformedmetallic components is substantially perpendicular to the second jointbetween the adjacent edges of the first side portion and the fourth sideportion of at least another one of the preformed metallic components.